Publication: IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications Publication Date: 2026/02/01 Vol. E109-BNo. 2pp. 171-179 Type of Manuscript: INVITED PAPER (Special Section on Emerging Communication Technologies in Conjunction with Main Topics of ICETC2024) Category: Keyword: Low Power Wide Area (LPWA), LoRaWAN, Packet-Level Index Modulation (PLIM), clock drift,